During menopause, the ovaries gradually stop producing estrogen and progesterone, leading to the end of menstrual periods and a variety of physical, emotional, and cognitive changes. This transition usually happens between ages 45 and 55 and is divided into three key stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause.
Hormonal and Physical Changes
As estrogen levels fluctuate and eventually decline, women commonly experience irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. These vasomotor symptoms affect about 75–80% of women and can last from one to six years, sometimes longer in a smaller percentage of cases. Other physical symptoms include headaches or worsened migraines, sleep problems, skin dryness, joint pain, and slight weight gain.
Emotional and Cognitive Effects
Hormonal shifts can influence neurotransmitter activity in the brain, leading to mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and periods of low mood. Many women also report difficulties with focus and short-term memory, a phenomenon often referred to as “brain fog”.
Urogenital and Sexual Changes
Declining estrogen causes thinning of the vaginal walls and a decrease in lubrication, leading to vaginal dryness, discomfort during intercourse, and increased urinary infections. These issues are especially noticeable in postmenopause, when hormone levels stabilize at lower levels.
Long-Term Health Implications
After menopause, women face a higher risk of osteoporosis due to bone density loss, as well as increased cardiovascular risk associated with lower estrogen levels. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium, regular exercise, and preventive medical care can help manage these long-term effects.
In essence, menopause is a complex yet natural transition marked by hormonal, physical, and emotional adjustments. While symptoms vary widely, understanding the underlying changes helps women navigate this stage with awareness and proactive care.